A-L Celluloid Dolls Makers and Doll Marks Identified 1869+

Celluloid dolls are made from cellulose nitrate, alcohol, fillers and camphor pigments. Early celluloid material is fragile, so dolls had a celluloid head and limbs or partial limbs with a cloth stuffed body. About 1908 the celluloid material was improved and became more durable so dolls could be made entirely of celluloid. Celluloid dolls were notably made in Germany, Bavaria, England, France, Japan, Italy, Poland, Spain and the United States of America.

By the 1940s the United States outlawed the use of celluloid for doll making, as the material can be flammable if exposed to high heat or open flame. Celluloid material deteriorates when exposed to moisture. Other countries continued to use the material long after the 1940s.

A-L Celluloid Doll Makers, Marks | M-Z Celluloid Doll Makers, Marks

Rheinische Gummi und Celluloid-Fabrik 1873+ German

Rheinische Rubber and Celluloid Factory of Germany was by far the most prolific of all the celluloid doll makers. Schildkrot (Schildkroet Puppen) – used the doll mark of a turtle symbol, a turtle inside a diamond, a turtle inside a diamond Schultzmarke.  Schildkrot also made celluloid doll heads for others; Averill, Kammer & Reinhardt, Kestner, Koenig & Wernicke, Wortschutz and many more.  

Shown on Turtle mark, Tortulon and a number, Tortulon is a hard plastic type material used instead of celluloid by Rheinische Gummi in later years. Rheinische Rubber and Celluloid body stamp 447828

Rheinische Rubber and Celluloid;  Schildkröt celluloid Juwel doll, 12-25″ tall, boy dolls or girl dolls have been found, both with deeply molded lightly painted brown hair, blue sleep eyes, real upper eyelashes, closed mouth, jointed body, the 25″ size has a voice box, doll mark Juwel 34, Juwel 45, Juwel 64, plus other numbers.

Celluloid Toy Factory 1884-1939 in Kalisz, Poland – also known as Szrajer & Fingerhut or Shaer & Fingergut, founded by Adam Szrajer and father-in-law Jakub Fingerhut, made celluloid dolls and wooden toys, doll mark ASK inside a triangle Poland. Celluloid Toy Factory during WW II ca. 1939-1945, successor German Theodor Reinke,  doll mark TR inside a triangle.  Sometime after world war II ended in 1945, the Celluloid Toy Factory of Kalisz was renamed Kaliskie Zaklady Przemyslu Terenowgo at Ul Przbrzezma, celluloid doll mark PPMK inside a triangle Poland, a four leaf clover symbol Poland.

P.R. Zast company 1920s (Poland), made celluloid mask face cloth body dolls, some with human hair wigs, glass eyes, doll mark on head ASK in a triangle the initials are for Adam Szrajer of Kalisz – owner of the Celluloid Toy Factory in Poland, mark on shoulder P.R. Zast inside a triangle Poland. 

Cellba Celluloid Warenfabrik by Schoberl & Becker 1923-1967 – celluloid doll mark winged mermaid symbol on a shield

Convert & Company 1911-1930+ France – made celluloid dolls, 1930+ Nani and Nano baby doll mark windmill symbol France.

Erich Dittmann company 1945-1967 Germany – EDI dolls, made small celluloid or plastic dolls, babies, doll house, ramp walkers, doll mark Edi Germany, EDI Puppen.

Johannes Gotthilf Dietrich 1919-1928 Berlin, GER – made celluloid dolls mark Igodi, Jgodi.

Dovina Dolls company 1960s+ Rotterdam, Holland, Netherlands – 8-19″ tall, regional dressed celluloid and plastic doll mark VH intertwined.

Elgin doll mark an anvil symbol e.

Stephan Erhard or S. Erhard & Son 1887-1930 (ENG), made celluloid dolls, doll mark SES, S E & S inside a diamond.

Exeloid Company 1918-1920 (USA), made lightweight celluloid pyralin plastic like novelty dolls in blue, pink or white, doll mark XLCO Made in USA.

Foulds & Freure Company 1911-1930+ (USA), jobber, sold and imported German and Japan celluloid dolls, doll mark F & F NY INC.

Giocattoli Brevettati Galetti or Galletti 1950s+ (ITALY) – made small celluloid and probably plastic souvenir dolls, doll mark symbol of two standing roosters facing, Made in Italy.

Paul Hausmeister & Company 1909+ (Göppingen, Germany) – participated in the Leipzig fair with doll heads made of gelatin, bone, celluloid, composition.  Paul Hausmeister doll mark Stork bird standing on one foot.

Hermsdorfer Celluloid Warenfabrik 1925-1927 (GER), made celluloid baby and child dolls, doll mark Ladybug symbol, a Marienkäfer, DADA on the wings.

Christian Hophf of Germany – made dolls of celluloid plus other materials, doll mark CH intertwined.

Dr. Paul Hunaeus Celluloidwaren-Fabrik 1864-1930 (GER), made celluloid dolls,doll mark PH. In 1930 merged with Rheinische Gummi.

Jacob Jung company 1912 (GER) made celluloid dolls, doll mark a standing stork bird carrying a baby.

Irwin & Company 1926+ (USA), made cloth, composition, celluloid and hard plastic dolls, doll mark Non-Flam in a circle Irwin Made in USA.

Japan Celluloid Doll Makers and Marks

J.K. Køge Company 1947-1950s in Køge, DEN, doll mark JK Koge inside a triangle or a sea shell inside a circle.

Kohl & Wengenroth Celluloid & Rubber Doll Factory 1864-1926 (GER) made small celluloid or rubber dolls; soldiers, clowns, bathing dolls, novelty items, doll mark KOW girl with extended arms symbol.

Lenigruska Factory, Igrushka LPO, a toy factory in Leningrad, Russia 1928-1991+, made dolls of celluloid, plastic, vinyl, doll mark teddy bear symbol.

Lenigruska Factory, Igrushka LPO, a toy factory in Leningrad, Russia 1928-1991+, doll mark couple embracing symbol.

Ernst Liebermann 1894-1938+ (GER), made bisque or celluloid head character dolls and babies on ball jointed bodies, doll mark EL, ELI, doll mold 60.

August Luge & Company 1881-1930s+ Sonneberg, GER celluloid doll mark bird on a branch symbol

Ernst EG.M. Luthardt 1868-1938 (GER), Lederpupen-fabrik und Export, made dolls of bisque, China, celluloid, composition heads on leather, cloth or felt and composition bodies.  1929+ Luthardt doll mark Luta Germany.

Next: M-Z Celluloid Doll Makers, Marks